The detection of fish pathogenVibrio anguillarum in water and fish using a species-specific DNA probe combined with membrane filtration

The marine bacteriumVibrio anguillarum causes disease in fish worldwide and is particularly devastating in aquaculture. Little is known about the ecology ofV. anguillarum in the environment and how this may relate to the pathogenicity of this organism. Combining membrane filtration and a species-specific DNA probe, culturableV. anguillarum cells were detected in water from three habitats and in chinook salmon (Onchorynchus tshawytscha) tissue samples. Results show that different marine habitats have a marked effect on cell numbers and that water temperature may play a role in the culturability and distribution ofV. anguillarum. Vibrio anguillarum was detected from the gills of salmon within 24 h of transfer of fingerlings from freshwater to seawater, with cell numbers reaching a concentration of 1.9 × 10² cells g^–1 tissue 28 days post transfer.Vibrio anguillarum cell numbers were low in the colon throughout the study, andV. anguillarum was not detected in healthy kidney samples. The methodology reported in this paper allows the accurate quantification of culturableV. anguillarum cells and has allowed a preliminary study of the ecology of this species.     

Development of a DNA probe using differential hybridization to detect the fish pathogenVibrio anguillarum

The fish pathogenVibrio anguillarum causes significant economic losses in commercially cultured fish species worldwide. At present, identification ofV. anguillarum requires conventional isolation and culturing techniques. Using differential hybridization, a 310 base pairV. anguillarum-specific DNA fragment was isolated for use as a probe. In specificity studies against 19 different bacterial species, including twoVibrio sp. and fish pathogens, and 223 marine bacterial isolates, the probe hybridized exclusively toV. anguillarum strains. The probe also strongly hybridizes to 7 of 9 serotypes tested, with serotype 09 giving a weak probe reaction and serotype O7 negative. The probe allows rapid and accurate detection of both pathogenic and environmental strains ofV. anguillarum.     

Activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase of an anthracycline-producing streptomycete

During fermantation studies on the production of anthracycline antibiotics by Streptomyces C5, it was observed that among the intermediate metabolism enzymes tested, only phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase; EC 4.1.1.31) increased significantly in specific activity during stationary phase. The specific activity of the Streptomyces C5 PEPCase increased ca. 3-fold during antibiotic production phase from the logarithmic phase levels. To characterize the regulation of the enzyme further, the Streptomyces C5 PEPCase was purified 150-fold from crude extracts. Acetyl-CoA and Mg2+ were shown to be required for PEPCase activity. The activity of the partially purified PEPCase was stimulated slightly by fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and AMP, and was inhibited severely by oxaloacetate, aspartate, malate, succinate, ATP, citrate, and CoASH.     

Structural transformations of arabinogalactan from the Siberian larch during mechanochemical processing and the biological properties of the products

It has been found by gel-penetrating chromatography and quantitative ¹³C NMR spectroscopy that mechanochemical processing of arabinogalactan isolated from the wood of the Siberian larch changes the molecular mass distribution, monosaccharide composition, and the degree of branching of its macromolecules. This is due to the partial destruction of polysaccharide macromolecules and subsequent recombination of resulting fragments. The intensity of these processes depends on the conditions of mechanochemical processing. Based on the data of IR and ¹³C NMR spectra, the conclusion has been drawn that no functionalization of arabinogalactan macromolecules occurs under these conditions. The toxicopharmacological properties of mechanically processed arabinogalactan have been studied. Its acute toxicity is >5000 mg/kg.     

The case for cloud computing in genome informatics

With DNA sequencing now getting cheaper more quickly than data storage or computation, the time may have come for genome informatics to migrate to the cloud.     

A relationship between hepatic metabolism of reduced lantadene A and its toxicity in rats and sheep

The metabolism of the cholestatic triterpene acid reduced lantadene A has been studied in susceptible and resistant rats and in sheep which are susceptible to intoxication. Sheep and susceptible female rats produced a similar major metabolite and rats produced a second metabolite which was a glucuronide. These metabolites were also observed in extracts of bile canalicular membranes prepared from intoxicated rats. Resistant male and female rats produced a similar major metabolite which was different to those synthesized by susceptible animals. It is concluded that in rats and sheep there is a correlation between the type of metabolites produced in the liver and the susceptibility to intoxication by reduced lantadene A.     

Pharmacology of DMSO

A wide range of primary pharmacological actions of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) has been documented in laboratory studies: membrane penetration, membrane transport, effects on connective tissue, anti-inflammation, nerve blockade (analgesia), bacteriostasis, diuresis, enhancement or reduction of the effectiveness of other drugs, cholinesterase inhibition, nonspecific enhancement of resistance to infection, vasodilation, muscle relaxation, antagonism to platelet aggregation, and influence on serum cholesterol in experimental hypercholesterolemia. This substance induces differentiation and function of leukemic and other malignant cells. DMSO also has prophylactic radioprotective properties and cryoprotective actions. It protects against ischemic injury.